Road regulation and the types of road

A road is a thoroughfare route or way on land between two places which has been payed or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance. Including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. In a simple words, road is a place for all types of road transportation was used to move from one location to another location. When we talk about all types of road transportation, that's mean from motorcycle to the big truck such as trailer and tanker.

There are many road regulation that already stated by government. All the rule and regulation was make only for one objective that is for the safety of all people that use the road and people that stay near to the road. The example of road regulation is a speed limit. As we know the speed limit is different follow the types of road transportation. For the car, the speed limit is 110 km/hour and for commercial transport is 90 km/hour. That is the speed limit on the highway. It is not same with speed limit on the federal roads and state roads. On the federal roads the speed limit is 90 km/hour and 60 km/hour in town area. For the state roads, the speed limit is 90 km/hour and 60 km/hour in town area.

For your information, federal roads or in Malay is Sistem Laluan Persekutuan Malaysia is the main national road network in Malaysia. All federal roads in Malaysia are under the purview of Ministry of Works. State roads or in Malay is Sistem Laluan Negeri Malaysia are the secondary roads in Malaysia. The construction of State roads in Malaysia are funded by Malaysian Public Works Department or JKR of each states.

All the regulation that was made by government only for the safety of us and we as a road user must follow all the instruction and all the rule while we use the road. We must thinks about the other road user because they also can involve in the accident if we are not use the road properly. 

RELATIONSHIP TRANSPORT, ENVIROMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

 The relationship between transport and environmental issues is one of the most crucial elements in progress towards sustainable development. Continued growth in transport services and traffic volume has led to environmental problems which are further accentuated by heavy congestion at system bottlenecks. Public awareness of the problems is increasing.

  The transport sector contributes to many environmental problems: about 60% of CO emissions come from transport, transport accounts for 25% of total energy-related CO2 emissions, of which 80% comes from road transport (passenger cars accounting for 45% and freight one-third). More than half of total NOx emissions come from road transport (CORINAIR data) and transport is a major source of volatile organic compounds. Transport is the major generator of noise, and in countries where data is available appears to account for 80% of noise nuisance.

  Although, in relation to air quality, the use of catalytic converters will lead to a reduction of NOx, HC and CO emissions over the next few years, severe air quality problems persist in certain cities and in terms of ozone on a regional scale. In the medium term increased traffic may offset the gains from technological improvements. By contrast, CO2 emissions from transport show an increasing trend. Predicted growth in CO2 emissions from transport exceeds the forecast of the increase of CO2 emissions in other sectors (see also the Commission Report Energy: Consequences of the Carbon/energy tax, SEC (92) 1996).

  Road transport of goods and passengers has increased by about 45% and 41% respectively since the beginning of the 1980's. In parallel rail transport of goods has actually decreased and passenger rail transport has only seen a 10% increase. Forecasts on road transport predict continuing steady growth over the next decade, and a substantial trend reversal is not yet in sight (source: European Conference of Ministers of Transport data).

  Air transport has a higher growth rate than any other traffic mode; it is expected to grow by 182% in the period 1990-2010, reflecting a much faster growing demand for business and leisure travel than expected in 1992 (European Environment Agency).

 As concerns freight transport, in 1992, of each 100 tonne/kilometres, 70 were realized by road transport, 16.3 by rail transport, and 4.4 by inland shipping. There are estimates that the transport of goods expressed in ton/km will double between 1988 and 2010 (European Environment Agency).

  The membership of Greece, Portugal, and Spain brought about a marked increase of North-South freight transport during the 1980's. At present, over 70 million tons of freight annually cross the Alps between Italy and Northern Europe. These trends demonstrate a much stronger increase of international, rather than domestic transport.

  Transport, communications and urban form cover an overlapping area of rising academic and practical concern. This paper traces several of the many themes brought together under different professional banners, and shows how a confluence of interest is emerging.

  The themes are the developments in urban planning analysis, transport and time use studies, telecommunications and industrial location, all of which contribute to the area of locational effects of improved telecommunications technology, and are affected by alterations in the nature of work and the uses made of time by individuals. The convergence of geographical, planning, transportation and communication developments now requires explicit investigation, as the timings of technological and theoretical developments appear to coincide with the emergence of a significant need to do so. Some of the gaps between present knowledge and expertise that need to be filled are specified.

These include the investigation of the testing and use of current land use integrated analyses for road and development assessment, investigation of the nature and characteristics of work and education which are most affected by telecommunications and computer support, development of longitudinal monitoring methods for overall urban development leading indicators, exploitation of newly-available cross-sectional household and city data sets in conjunction with historical data for longitudinal investigations and forward projections, accounting for altered family structure and activity patterns and the anticipation and assessment of probable further technological change, which can and will undermine many current long term commitments.

Terminal Location

   

   When you involved in logistics and transportation industries, you must already knows about the terminal right? A terminal may be defined as any facilities where freight are assemble or dispersed. Any location where freight either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. Terminals are central and intermediate locations in the movements of freight. They often require specific facilities and equipment to accommodate the traffic they handle. Thus, there are the terminal for pick up and delivery, release terminal, break-bulk terminal and others. Terminal is important role in our industries, so the location of the terminal must be suitable and effective. now, what are the right factors in choosing or locating the terminal?

   Terminals may be points of interchange within the same modal system and which insure a continuity of the flows. So, for the first factors in locating terminal is the terminal insfrastructure. It must be situate choosing the location for the terminal is locating the terminal at the place which having complete infrastructure, complete infrastructure here means they are having the road, highway, customs place, warehouse, petrol station and also distribution center. For example, Johor Port located at the southern-most tip of Peninsula Malaysia, Johor Port is strategically positioned in the heart of the sprawling 8,00-acre Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate. The area is home to a comprehensive range of industries specialising in engineering, furniture, telecommunications, electronic good and food products among others. Johor Port is linked to important commercial and industrial centres in Malaysia as well as other ports and neighbouring countries. The network is supported by the nation's road infrastructure and rail connections.

   Next, the locating of terminal is the terminal must be situated or locating in the center of the cities or the place that become the point of view of people. This is because it will be near to the market, supplier and also the customer. This is so important as it will make the transaction becomes easier. The suitable locations will give the benefits for both of the parties which is the seller and the buyer. It means that the supplier can deliver the goods on time as the terminal located near to them and it will increasing the efficiency of the product flow and the customer can receive the goods easily which at the same time increasing the customer satisfaction. For example, we are locating the main terminal which focused on the pickup and delivery activity in the center of Johor Bahru. Both customer and supplier from district of Johor and Singapore can easily pick and deliver the shipment.This is a relevant terminal locating for our industries.

   Lastly, the factors in choosing the best location for the terminal is the accessibility. Accessibility to other terminals (at the local, regional and global scale) as well as how well the terminal is linked to the regional transport system is of importance. it means that you can connect to almost any geographical area. it easy to do the activity of delivery and receiving the freight. Every people can access this terminal for do the buy and sell activity. Thus, you are locating your terminal in rural areas, its gonna be trouble to people acces your terminal. They need to use another transportation to reach your terminal. It is trouble t manage and will increasing the cost of the service and shipment.

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Intermodal And Special Carriers

What is inter modal transportation, inter modal transportation is a systems that changes modes of transportation. Next is containerization, containerization is a system of inter modal freight  transport, cargo transport that can be loaded and sealed. There are many advantage for containerization, for example is, the cargo may be handled more easily and quickly, less packaging required, goods can be carried easily, and the insurance cost can be reduced. There are two types of container, for the first is multimodal container and airfreight container. You want to see the image of this container. Okay, put your sight a little bit low.

airfreight container

multimodal container

okay, now i will explain about the airfreight forwarders. Actually, air freight forwarders is the process where transferring the shipment of goods via air carrier by consolidating small shipment for long haul distance. The characteristics for airfreight forwarders is, they provide door to door service and can transport for emergency and high value time. Next is about freight brokers, freight brokers is a middleman between shipper and consignee.

Now, I will explain about Shipper association. Shipper association is a non profit organization because this organization was build to help the new shipping company. With this association, they can get a better service and more lower total transportation cost. Besides that, it also can give many advantage to the group members shipment for the line haul.

For the conclusion, there are many types of special carriers and each type of special carrier have their own characteristics. This type of special carriers will help many company to carried their cargo more easily and quickly. Without the special carrier, any company will have a problem to carry their cargo that need a very special service.

The Urban Transit Challenges

  Assalamualaikum and salam satu Malaysia to all viewer. For this post, our lecturer has giving a task for our group to share to all of you about the urban transit challenges. As we know, Malaysia is the country that use many types of business. For example, for transportation sector in business, our country may use the import and export of goods. So, there are many rules makes by government that we should follow to sustainability our stability of country. For our task, we need to do studies about transit challenges of urban transit in Malaysia. There are several challenges that the transit system of a city may face.

  Firstly, based on what we have discussed the regulation is the most important in every country. So, in term of Malaysia regulation, there are many types of rules in transportation that we need to know. As example, the trucking industry has received favourable tax treatment for payment of highway construction and maintenance  As has been seen in our country, transportation does not operate in a completely free-market environment. Regulatory constraints to entry, pricing, and customer relations have dictated the management practices of carriers of transportation even after the deregulation. We cannot broke the rules that government prevent for our citizen. If we broke the rules, government will appear in law-court. It also has assumed the responsibility to ensure the safety of travellers.

  Next, after we sitting in traffic jam for over an hour, our blood pressure begins to rise and our temper are of the scale. You can’t understand why all these drivers are on this highway at this time. They should be at home, shopping or anywhere else except here on his roadway at this time. The traffic jam should be happen in transit system of a city. This is because there are many of transportation drives in this urban side. So traffic jam can challenges transit in this situation.

  Lastly, decentralization and suburbanization have created an urban space of lower density that cannot be efficiently serviced by mass transit systems outside specific corridors. Under such circumstances, transit is limited to a part of the city and a city-wide service becomes prohibitive. Access to urban transit systems can also be a challenge, notably when connectivity between the transit city and its suburbs is complex. The goal is to offer enough incentives, such as park-and-ride facilities, so that the interface between the transit and non-transit transport system is improved. Even within the transit city, the fixity of main transit lines creates challenges which are extremely difficult to overcome as new travel patterns that are not supported by urban transit can emerge.

Pipeline

For this post, we will explain one of the unique transportation that is pipeline transportation. We explain what type of goods that can be carried by pipeline, the operating and service characteristics, the advantages and the disadvantages of this type of transportation.

Okay, for the first is what is the function of pipeline. Actually, pipeline transportation was not same like the others type of transportation. This type of transportation only carried liquid and gases. Coal also include in the item that can be carried by pipeline. Pipeline usually carry oil and natural gas.

For the operating and service characteristics, pipeline carried oil and oil products such as crude oil and oil products. Crude oil is a pure oil that have not been go through any process yet and oil products is a oil that already been process become one product that come from oil. After that is natural gas, for your information, natural gas pipeline companies produce about 10% of the gas they transport. Independent gas companies produce the remaining 90% and transport it via the pipelines.

Coal is one of the goods that can be transport using pipeline, coal is moved in pulverized form in water. Once the coal has reached its destination, the water is removed and the coal is ready for use. After that is chemical, the common chemicals that transport by pipeline is anhydrous ammonia which is used in fertilizer. The other types of chemical is propylene and ethylene.

Now let's move to advantage and the disadvantage of using pipeline transportation. For the advantage is, the rates is low, it also can give a benefit to warehousing function and this type of transportation are very tough. Pipeline was not affected by weather. For the disadvantage, the speed is slow and this type of transportation not provide any door to door service. Besides that, pipeline also unflexible because they serve limited geographic areas and limited points within that area.